In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation production, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. This means they would be the ready pool of labour for construction projects and their tenements will be enhanced by the investment flowing into the site., Allaying the fears of the people, the commissioner said: The Lagos state government, as a responsible entity, pursues a policy of ensuring that Environmental Impact Assessment is done by every individual or corporate body that seeks to embark on projects. A research article published by Ibidun Adelekan titled Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos, Nigeria says: Metropolitan Lagos, situated on the narrow lowland coastal stretch bordering the Atlantic Ocean and originally covered with mangrove swamps, has experienced significant land cover changes as a result of past and present land reclamation activities to secure land for urban development., The article says further: In 1960, Lagos covered an area of about 200 square kilometres, but by the beginning of the twenty-first century, its contiguously built-up area was estimated at about 1,140 square kilometers, and sections of the metropolis along the coastline have high population Densities.. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. Sand filling of the coasts lead to the burial of millions of species. A Federal High Court, Abuja, on Tuesday, dismissed a certificate forgery suit filed by the Action Alliance (AA) against Sen. Bola Tinubu, presidential candidate of the All Progressives Congress (APC). Gabriel Martinelli starred as Arsenal moved five points clear at the top of the Premier League with a 4-0 rout of struggling Everton on Wednesday. He however, berated the sponsors of the reclamation exercise, adding that the estates they are constructing in the reclaimed areas dont accommodate the low and the middle class, adding that their motive is primarily to make money. Former mangrove forest that was converted to sand fill in Buguma, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Conversion of coastal environment to terrestrial area through deforestation and solidification to terrestrial environment in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. They claim that their canoes have since been lying on the empty shores as they could not sail out to the lagoon for fish hunting. Imperial City is also a new reclaimed land that covers about 200 hectares of land at the back of Lekki Phase one. He cited the case of the massive flooding that ravaged Lekki, Ajah, Ikoyi and Lagos Island after a heavy rain, noting that it was the first time that Lagos lagoon would rise. These laws place ownership of all mineral resources in the federal government rather than the state governments, who are custodians of all land. The felling of trees and the uprooting of their stumps leads to soil fragmentation. Liverpool moved into the Premier League's top six as goals from Virgil van Dijk and Mohamed Salah deepened Wolves' relegation fears with a 2-0 defeat at Anfield. Kansai International Airport (in Osaka) and Hong Kong International Airport are examples where this process was deemed necessary. The plants growing on the sand fill area are between 0.5m and 1.0m tall. Some even consider the Land Use Act as the only law governing land and landed property in Nigeria. One, two, three, four, five, 42, 43 and 44 long years later, the Land Use Decree of 1978, promulgated by the military regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo, now retired, remains the governing law on land use in Nigeria. . Public Law 95-87 requires that the AML section reclaim . The investment company of Lagos state, Ibile Holding Company is carrying out the project on behalf of the state. Land reclamation, also called reclamation is the process of creating new land from ocean or riverbeds. The warm shallow waters of the continental shelves are most biologically productive and support the greatest species diversity. The reclamation land which is in two phases is located on a reclaimed land of over 100 hectares. This affects the survival of soil-dwelling organisms by increasing the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. This could lead to permanent loss of mangroves or other plant species of economic/medicinal importance and habitat for marine organisms and wildlife and their emigration to unaffected areas, thereby upsetting the ecological balance. What is happening in Lagos should not be different. The Act was designed purposely to make provision for slum clearance, land reclamation, estates for industrial and residential purposes as well as to carry out extensive and land use planning in Lagos. A study found land-reclamation projects shrank the number of mangroves in Tubli Bay, off Bahrain's east coast. Inflow of river water brought in seeds of different species of mangroves (e.g. Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill ), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. Land in the Niger Delta area is in large demand because of traditional and cultural beliefs attached to the possession of land [1]. You have entered an incorrect email address! By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. Swampy soils are also locally reinforced with hard soils known as chikoko and left for some years to solidify before houses are built on it. It is the forceful or legal takeover of coastal area by individuals or government officials. According to him, the ideal way is for the Ministries of Waterfront Infrastructure Development and Physical Planning and Urban Development to lead a Lagos Lagoon Management Plan, a 30-year master plan that will detail the usage, preservation and envision what Lagos Lagoon will look like in the next three decades. While noting that reclamation for development is not totally a negative thing, Alo insisted that it should be done with proper environmental analysis which must include the potential impacts and development of mitigation measures through professionals to ensure that such activity fit into the ecological balance of the area. Government budget refers to an annual financial statement that denotes its anticipated expenditure and expected revenue generation in a fiscal year. An example is a construction project such as the installation of infrastructure on reclaimed coastal areas e.g. Local sand mining is done manually by the digging of sand from the bottom of the river during low tide and conveyed ashore in hand dug canoes. Segregation: this is when units or communities cluster together based on homogeneity of ideals or goals. Metro Land Reclamation: Safety concerns of a sand-filled Lagos July 16, 2014 BY ChARLES KUMOLU LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. Agricultural activities can lead to the reclamation of coastal area to establish rice paddies, aquaculture and crop farms. by Revolva ( m ): 1:58pm On Jul 18 , 2020 Examples of other areas that have undergone reclamation are: Diamond Island, Orange Island, Imperial City, Gracefield Phoenix and Ilubirin project. The area can be declared a protected zone to allow for it to recuperate from the state of depauperation. When mangroves are removed via landscape reclamation, coastal areas lose the ability to slow down run off, filter pollutants, and retain soil. Because of the non-use of the palms they had been removed from several locations with the aid of swamp buggies as a means of mitigating their negative environmental effect. The Government also ordered the immediate cessation of all ongoing works, construction, reclamation and other similar activities in respect of extension approvals granted or being processed at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. Accumulation of dredged spoil converts the swamp to terrestrial area and also changes the physico-chemistry of the coasts [3]. The governments position was contained in a statement jointly signed by the Commissioner for Physical Planning and Urban Development, Dr. Idris Salako and his counterpart in the Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Kabiru Ahmed Abdullahi. The city is situated on four main islands namely, Lagos, Victoria, Iddo, and Ikoyi which are all connected by a network of bridges. This is because the organisms that reside in these areas are wiped out during the first phase of reclamation. The conversion of a coastal area to a terrestrial area via developmental projects is a human-mediated succession. Nevertheless, land utilization is influenced by nature and characteristics of soil, soil moisture and temperature, topography and land location, flora, fauna and climate. Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. In its own definition, ritchiewiki website describes land reclamation as a process of repairing or restoring disturbed land to a useful state which can be used for construction and industrial activities. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Mangroves provide various ecosystem services such as food, medicine, tools and construction materials. Concrete bases are constructed on this platform to carry the pipes from the drilling point, which may be at an off-shore or on-shore site to the refinery. It is noteworthy that Songo International Business District also in South Korea which is reputed to be the largest private development in the country is built on a reclaimed land in the area of Incheon waterfront. The aim of acquiring land varies, but is mainly for possession and or production of goods and services to satisfy socio-economic and socio-cultural needs. Sites T1, T2 and T3 are the end, middle and mouth of the sand fill area. In a classical case of land recuperation after landscape reclamation at Eagle Island in the Niger Delta, recruitment occurred through natural process within a space of 13years. Lending his voice on the matter, an environmentalist, Osawe Irabors view differs from those of Nwilo, Faniran and Afegbua. The presence of mangroves along the coast stabilizes and reinforces the soil against erosion. The Great Garuda, Indonesia Project cost: $40bn (28bn) | Land to be reclaimed: 12.5km2. Fast-growing cities in the Gulf and Southeast Asia are turning water into real estate at a spectacular pace and scale. But when it becomes rampant and reckless, the people must resist it because usurping natural settings could be disastrous in the long run, he said. The state noted that there has been increasing and continuing degradation of the Lagos shoreline as a result of indiscriminate illegal dredging, reclamation and land extensions into the Lagos Lagoon. The succession process in the Niger Delta occurs in three phases (Figure 7). Presence of sediments leads to the gradual formation of terrestrial areas, which becomes the habitat for plants. The environmental problem of this practice is that the sand dumped by the shore smothers plants and animals around the area and changes the coast from a marshy to a sandy area. Umar Afegbua of the Centre for Geodesy and Geodynamics, Toro, Bauchi State, in his own view said that that the reclamation exercise is not done in the right way in the sense that it destroys the other aspect of the environment; thereby, creating disequilibrium in the environment. London, SW7 2QJ, Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. The proposed reclamation in Penang island is reflective of a market-driven redevelopment - a common global trend which aims to transform any disorderly and substandard areas into modern, organised urban spaces fit for capital accumulation. Crude oil pipeline and well head situated in reclaimed coastal area in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Some people believe that there is nothing that man cannot do. I see nothing wrong in sand filling or perhaps reclaiming land from the sea. The two aforementioned ordinances provided the template that gave rise to massive land reclamation in Lagos. Orange Island is another reclaimed island that covers about 150 hectares of land and is located within the Lekki axis in Lagos. It is often considered in places that are densely populated and flat land is scarce. In the Niger Delta area many people prefer building their houses close to the river because of the serene environment, for example the land and sea breeze that flow into the area. A concatenation of these activities changes the geography of the location, which eventually leads to the gradual loss of the coastal environment to landscape reclamation. Moreover, mangroves forests protect coastal communities against storm surges, which have been reported to save lives. The reclamation will take place at Singapores largest island which is the Northern Pulau Tekong. Regrettably, the space of public opinion can be overtly toxic to the point that cynics, mischief-makers and political opportunist ride overboard. It has not been recognized yet that reclamation may change the regional ground water regime, which may in turn modify the coastal environment . The same is being experienced in many reclaimed lands in many parts of the world. Over population is a major factor that had led to the extension of cities beyond coastal limits. The sand filled area became the dumping ground for sand, where trucks evacuated the sand to buyers. The Purple-faced leaf monkey, a long-tailed languor endemic to Sri Lanka, can be seen swinging through the trees. Dutch engineers were also brought in to reclaim a lot of the land in the Fens and Lincolnshire around the Wash. This is a situation where rivers near ports are expanded to accommodate large ocean going ships. Nigeria: Land Reclamation - Safety Concerns of a Sand-Filled Lagos 16 July 2014 Vanguard (Lagos) By Charles Kumolu LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. Political Map of Nigeria Map based on a UN map. Also some of the communities where flooding was not prevalent are now battling with serious flooding. Private investors reclaim coastal areas to execute private business that would boost their economic fortunes. During canalization, earth moving dredgers are deployed to excavate the benthic soil. This leads to the death or migration of amphibious species along the coast. A study was carried out on impact of land reclamation through sand mining of coastal communities in Ikate and Ilubirin in Lagos, Nigeria. In the course of this period a small outlet was created by the side of the sand filled area, which allowed the entry of river water into the sand filled area during high tide. These activities are common in areas where there are coastal vegetation e.g. This situation had led to the loss of many species. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. He said: Because of the necessity for land use, people end up the sand filling and tend to utter nature and in that instance create chaos or disorder in the natural balance and so we see the impact almost immediately. Gracefield Island is another new joint project between the Lagos state government and Gravitas Investment Limited and it is expected to cover 100 hectares of land of the Lagos lagoon at the Northern end of the Chevron Way and the Northern Offshore of the Ajiran Land. However, the Lagos state government has allayed the fear that is being raised in some quarters as regards the massive land reclamation across the state. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. Developmental activities are carried out in them through collaboration between Lagos state government and private developers. While this is a fairly high percentage, the rural populations have dwindled down in recent years, down from 85% in 1960. A future gas plant is to be located at the beach adjacent to Edko Town in the eastern part of Abu Qir Bay. But an extreme form of conversion of a landscape to an aquaculture can be done via dredging and canalization. Canalization is done to enable ships to berth at the wharf, without running aground. It occurs at on-shore or off-shore locations [3]. According to him, disruption of the ecology would also have a negative impact on the people living in the affected area. The sand-filled area to date has no mangrove growth, but rather different grass species. Oil and gas exploration is the main exploratory activity that occurs in the Niger Delta region. Invasion of foreign species in coastal areas is another precursor to land reclamation activity aimed at remediating the sites in the Niger Delta region. Examples of artificial islands in Nigeria include Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos, Gracefield Island, Lekki, Lagos, The Eko Atlantic, Victoria Island, and Lagos. The second example is another site known as Borikiri in the outskirts of Port Harcourt, the capital city of Rivers State. This could lead to the death of soil dwelling organisms. The conversion of a coastal environment to a terrestrial environment is absolute and cannot be reversed. It is business on the part of those doing it because poor people dont benefit from the houses being built on the reclaimed land. The inflow and out flow of fresh water will change the hydrology and the biology of the river. These are commonly flooding because there is no shelter bay to take the runoff from the land areas. The problem is that mangroves provide numerous ecosystem services to the local people while the palms provide no ecosystem service to the people. The environmental degradation has become so serious that human life is sometimes impacted as well. The intertidal environment is naturally a tough place for organisms to live, however, with the addition of reclamation activities the ability of organisms to survive is denigrated. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. These phases include: (i) deforestation of mangrove forest (ii) consolidation of swamp with bulldozers, (iii) pumping of white sand from the sea bottom unto shore, (iv) sand filling of reclaimed land, and (v) construction activity e.g. Every citizen of Nigeria is empowered to acquire and own immovable property anywhere in Nigeria. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. The direct causes include: (i) land expansion, (ii) construction activities, (iii) land acquisition and (iv) succession (land-forming activities of mangroves). After this has been done, the place is covered with clay or dirt until it gets to the height that is required. Presently buildings have been erected on the site, which are occupied by some people. Jakarta, the fastest sinking city in the world, made a plan in 2014 to tackle rising sea levels and subsidence. Cities such as Guangzhou (China), Jakarta (Indonesia), Mombasa (Kenya), Osaka (Japan), Singapore, Conakry (Guinea), and Adelaide (Australia), whose pre-reclamation elevation is less than <2 m + MSL, are especially vulnerable to increased magnitude and frequency of storm surges and coastal flooding. The deadline for the reclamation activity is 2022. We have carried out some investigations. Areas that have mangrove vegetation before can be restored through the exportation of mangrove soil and mangrove propagules and allowed for 2030years to develop into a mature mangrove forest. The latter is derived from coastal activities such as oil and gas, shipping, fishing, tourism and commerce. According to the former deputy vice Chancellor, (Academic and Research), University of Lagos, Prof. Babajide Alo, land reclamation without due Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) could lead to serious environmental degradation. Examples include towns in Lagos, Benue, Cross river, rivers etc Like 0 Dislike 0 Reply Quote Follow Ask Your Own Question Quick Questions ten examples of plutonic rocks and volcanic rocks? Mangrove vegetation is the dominant species found at the interface between the land and the sea. The swamps are scooped away or reinforced with sand and concrete in other to produce a hard surface on which to construct foundations of buildings. In 2013, rainfed agriculture accounted for 380,000 sq km in Nigeria, covering over 40 percent of its national territory . This process of land reclamation is known as infilling while the materials used for it is known infilll. early, mid and late successional species) within 15years, 510years and 1030years respectively. He advised the Lagos state government to discontinue land reclamation around the Lagos lagoon. A field observation made indicates that seeds at the end of the sand filled area had better growth than seeds at the mouth of the entrance of the balkanized sand. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It is a system where plants and animals have advantage in reserved area. Invasion: this is as a result of the migration of people into coastal communities in search of new technologies that provide job opportunities. The dehydration of the intertidal areas cuts off dissolved oxygen and food supply to aquatic species. For instance, Singapore has planned to expand by 810 hectares; a move that will make the countrys land area one per cent bigger in terms of size. People participation is very important in landscape reclamation because it would provide a consensus view on land use to the host community [19]. Our fishing nets and traps have been damaged by the mud. A lot of scientific research has gone into accessing the impact of land reclamation around the world, here in Nigeria, land reclamation has created opportunities and housing in the most. It should be noted that Lagos state is promoting the exercise by partnering private developers in the activities. As a result, offshore systems such as coral reefs and eel grass beds are readily degraded. You set a kind of disequilibrium in the environment. Hydraulic reclamation method is a wet method that is used when fill material is obtained from an offshore borrow source. Im a fisherman, how am I supposed to survive, the man lamented. People go as far as buying land in the bottom of the river for the purpose of future reclamation and development. Farms are generally small and scattered and use simple tools and shifting cultivation. The country features 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, which is known as Abuja.The country of Nigeria features over five hundred different ethnic groups, many different languages, and declared its independence from the United Kingdom on October 1, 1960. A perfect example is a fishing community called Ago-Egun which is located at the outskirt of Bariga axis in Lagos. Through the use of police power they acquire and take over mangrove forest they bulldoze the forest, dredge and sand fill the site, which they allow to lie fallow for some years or reinforce and develop immediately. ( See also city; urban planning .) These activities are economically beneficial to farmers, but inimical to the environment. It is crucial to the environment's welfare both now and in the future. Residents and activists say neighbouring developments on reclaimed land also threaten the area's environment. However, in many communities coastal lands are protected traditionally if they have cultural significance to the people [1]. Increasing population in small communities had also led to the reclamation of coastal areas to create room for the construction of houses to accommodate more people. Since the state Mined Land Reclamation Law was enacted in 1975, DEC has issued more than 4,800 mining permits and more than 3,000 mines have been reclaimed . Thus in other to expand the land area to accommodate the industrial complex, surrounding creeks were mowed down; sand filled and solidifies to build offices and apartments for workers. Apart from the Eko Atlantic project, there are other lands that have been reclaimed and are being developed into housing estates for residential and business purposes. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Submitted: June 20th, 2018 Reviewed: October 15th, 2018 Published: January 8th, 2020, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. Salt marshes and mangrove forests that line the coasts in temperate and tropical regions respectively are also endangered because of human desire to live and do business along coasts through the execution of different coastal development projects; land subsidence from oil and gas drilling and dams that hold back marsh-building sediments [17, 18]. Permits are issued by DEC for annual terms of up to five years and may be renewed. This is because their adventitious root system traps sediments during tidal flow, and accumulate it over a long period of time. It is a regular progress or change by plant and animal due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. Zone to allow for it is the main exploratory activity that occurs three. Harcourt, the place is covered with clay or dirt until it gets to the loss of species! 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