On the other hand, there are a few who are actually happy and feel themselves as blessed because folks worship them due to the tail. It has some weak functionality in moving the knee and ankle but is generally considered redundant and is often used as a source of tendon for grafts. Anyone can read what you share. Scientists are still learning how their unique activity at the end of an embryo gives rise to a tail. [49] Some researchers[who?] During a debate with Discovery Institutes Dr. Stephen Meyer, theistic evolutionist Dr. Karl Giberson showed a photo of a human infant with a monkey-like tail. Top Treatment Tips, Ovulation Tool: Find Your Most Fertile Days, They contain muscles, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves, They are always covered with skin and located on the tailbone, Sometimes, they can even move or contract. The true tail is essentially a skin appendage and may contain adipose, connective, and nerve tissue, striated (voluntary) muscle, and blood vessels. Related: Why haven't all primates evolved into humans? Tails in human infants typically are removed through surgery without complication. [18] All mammals have a tail at some point in their development; in humans, it is present for a period of 4 weeks, during stages 14 to 22 of human embryogenesis. Given the human impulse to adorn ourselves, tails could (and likely would) open up a host of new fashion possibilities. W. Colin MacKenzie. All rights reserved. Obviously this is a throwback to our primate routes and would once have aided balance when we lived in the trees. 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In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, people believed that this pilonidal sinus was left over from a resorbed tail.22 There are still those who ask if the pilonidal sinus, with an incidence of one or two in 1000, is a congenital condition.23 When this sinus track gets infected it forms a pilonidal cyst. Its very confusing why they lost their tail, said Gabrielle Russo, an evolutionary morphologist at Stony Brook University in New York who was not involved in the study. Twenty-three cases of human babies born with such a structure have been reported in the medical literature since 1884. Early sonographic detection of a human tail: A case report,, Alex Koyfman. [34] Thus it has been argued that such studies, employing macroscopic observational methods, have sometimes missed or even misidentified the vomeronasal organ. So our tails probably wouldn't be prehensile. WebOn rare occasion, a human infant is born with a vestigial tail. What causes a vestigial tail? Extinct theropod dinosaurs, such as Tyrannosaurus rex, had stiff, muscular tails that may have acted like a rudder when they ran. Most often, the small piece of skin contains no bones but does contain nerves and blood vessels. Unfortunately, like most people born with tails, he has associated medical challenges. Therefore, while the presence of a structure in adult human beings is debated, a review of the scientific literature by Tristram Wyatt concluded, "most in the field are sceptical about the likelihood of a functional VNO in adult human beings on current evidence. Since vestigial tails contain no bone, these tails dont typically cause pain or discomfort. In fact, scientists now thinkthat our early ancestors might have been squirrel-like creatures with tails so long that they were mostlytail. For instance, a variety of things may protrude from the tailbone of a newborn, including cysts, tumors and even a parasitic twin. The true, or persistent, vestigial tail of humans arises from the most distal remnant of the embryonic tail. Darwin shocked his Victorian audiences by claiming that we descended from primates with tails. How would the extra appendage change our daily lives? Certain species of monkeys native to South and Central America (dubbed "New World" monkeys, a phrase coined by European colonizers and later picked up by scientists) have prehensile tails tails that can grasp objects that can curl around tree limbs and even support their body weight, according to Field Projects International (opens in new tab), a nonprofit research and educational group. Why do we have wisdom teeth, if theyre always getting removed? HOWARD FISCHER, M.D., was a professor of pediatrics at Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan. Heres how it works. All mammals have a tail at some point in their development; in humans, it is present for a period of 4 weeks, during stages 14 to 22 of human embryogenesis. He has been hailed by some as a reincarnation of the Hindu monkey god Hanuman because of the 18-cm (7-inch) tail he has. They are often referred to as archaic or even as oddities because of their rarity. However, Kappeler said, that doesn't necessarily mean they would be useless. WebWhen a human grows a tail, it's known as a human tail or vestigial tail. The common postulation is that the skulls of human ancestors had larger jaws with more teeth, which were possibly used to help chew down foliage to compensate for a lack of ability to efficiently digest the cellulose that makes up a plant cell wall. This hole is usually connected to a sinus track (a sort of tunnel) that extends to a variable depth. In humans, these whiskers do not exist but there are still sporadic cases where elements of the associated vibrissal capsular muscles or sinus hair muscles can be found. In fact, you must have heard of people who are born with real tails or at least have been acquainted with this condition. However, tail is still visible in few people and this medical condition is called Vestigial Tail. At the far end of the embryo, a tail bud emerges, inside of which a special chain of vertebrae, muscles and nerves develop. The process of writing a science research paper is complicated, as well as fascinating. Some common characteristics a human tail are:, Human tails do not contain bone, cartilage, or the spinal cord., Qualified doctors can surgically remove a human tail in a very safe and simple procedure.. The human coccyx or tailbone ( pinkcigarette / Flickr) All mammals have a tail at some point in their development. Another example of human vestigiality occurs in the tongue, specifically the chondroglossus muscle. But what would it be like if humans actually had tails? Although a rare entity, humans with apparent tails have been noted in literature throughout history. Learn about causes, possible symptoms, complications, and more. [58], The palmaris longus muscle is seen as a small tendon between the flexor carpi radialis and the flexor carpi ulnaris, although it is not always present. There had been a long history of doubt about such dismissive views. The muscle forms an important part of the lateral orbital wall in some animals, but in humans it is not known to have any significant function.[44][45]. When a vestigial tail doesnt fuse with the coccyx and remains after birth, whats left is skin that contain no bones. [19] This tail is most prominent in human embryos 3135 days old. For some people, this is more than a thought experiment; in rare instances, babies with spina bifida a condition in which a baby is born with a gap in the spine or an irregular coccyx might be born with a vestigial "pseudotail." While the mice in their experiments produced a range of altered tails, our coccyx is almost always identical from person to person. At the time, many researchers searched for genes by zapping animals, plants or microbes with X-rays, hoping that mutations would create a visible change. Humans and apes share many physical characteristics, some In fact, scientists now thinkthat our early ancestors might have been squirrel-like creatures with tails so long that they were mostlytail. They are not common. [43], The orbitalis muscle is a vestigial or rudimentary nonstriated muscle (smooth muscle) of the eye that crosses from the infraorbital groove and sphenomaxillary fissure and is intimately united with the periosteum of the orbit. [27] estimated that around 92% of their subjects who had not had septal surgery had at least one intact VNO. Is it normal for a child to be born with teeth? The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. It consisted of 300 genetic letters in the middle of the TBXT gene. Some people also have a vestigial tail. The mutation that Mr. Xia discovered had not been observed before. Although a rare entity, humans with apparent tails have been noted in literature throughout history. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. In two case studies of newborns with a congenital pseudotail, MRIs showed evidence of spina bifida a birth defect where the spine and spinal cord dont form properly. Its hard to explain why apes without tails to help them balance wouldnt have suffered a significant evolutionary disadvantage. Others only grew a short one. Learn. WebShort tails are a feature of human development, temporarily emerging by around the sixth week of gestation. Can you realizetheir pain or imagine how would they have been living? [59] One study has shown the prevalence of palmaris longus agenesis in 500 Indian patients to be 17.2% (8% bilateral and 9.2% unilateral). These proposals may explain why premature infants spend 2.5% of their time hiccuping, possibly gulping like amphibians, as their lungs are not yet fully formed. The true tail is essentially a skin appendage and may contain adipose, connective, and nerve tissue, striated (voluntary) muscle, and blood vessels. The examples of human vestigiality are numerous, including the anatomical (such as the human tailbone, wisdom teeth, and inside corner of the eye), the behavioral (goose bumps and palmar grasp reflex), and molecular (pseudogenes). Darwin also commented on the sporadic nature of many vestigial features, particularly musculature. When placing a finger or object to the palm of an infant, it will securely grasp it. However, the remains of the gene are still present in the human genome as a vestigial genetic sequence called a pseudogene.[80]. The initiating factor is probably a hair curving back and penetrating the skin, that is, an ingrown hair. Therefore, focal fatty prominences on the fronts of human torsos likely represent chains of vestigial breasts composed of primordial breast fat. Sometimes, when babies are born, their parents might think they have a true tail when actually they dont. He did this to drive home his point that humans share a Or People with Tails. Based on histological studies of the upper lips of 20 cadavers, Tamatsu et al. [51] In 1949, British physician Douglas Gairdner noted that the foreskin plays an important protective role in newborns. Living with a vestigial tail doesnt lead to complications or cause long-term problems. Humans and apes share many physical characteristics, some "[51] During the physical act of sex, the foreskin reduces friction, which can reduce the need for additional sources of lubrication. While most of us dont have visible tails, occasionally someone is born with one just like in Shallow Hal. For example, a T. rex-style tail would force us to lean forward at the hips, holding our chests parallel to the ground rather than upright. 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[76][77] An ancestral primate would have had sufficient body hair to which an infant could cling, unlike modern humans, thus allowing its mother to escape from danger, such as climbing up a tree in the presence of a predator without having to occupy her hands holding her baby. It was described by Johannes Peter Mller and is often called Mller's muscle. Researchers deduce that the appendix has the ability to protect good bacteria in the gut. It contains adipose and connectiv NY 10036. People born with Tails phatphuk Published 03/03/2012 In the context of human evolution, human vestigiality involves those characters such as organs or behaviors occurring in the human species that are considered vestigialin other words having lost all or most of their original function through evolution. In some rare cases, small amounts of tissue are left hanging on the tailbone area of the body. How does a vestigial tail form? For example, men are also born with two nipples, which are not known to serve a function compared to women. When the ancestors of humans stood up and walked on two legs a few million years ago, that muscular hammock was ready to support the weight of upright organs. Pseudotails are usually a symptom of an irregular coccyx or of spina bifida as opposed to a remnant of the embryonic tail from the womb., To be clear, true human tails are exceedingly rare. When a baby is sitting down, its prehensile feet assume a curled-in posture, similar to that observed in an adult chimp. The motor pathways that enable hiccuping form early during fetal development, before the motor pathways that enable normal lung ventilation form. in Zoology and a B.A. Because a true vestigial tail is composed of adipose and muscular tissue, doctors can quickly remove these types of tails with a simple excision. WebShort tails are a feature of human development, temporarily emerging by around the sixth week of gestation. How does a vestigial tail form? As we have evolved we humans no longer need a tail, so over time we have either lost the gene that causes the tail growth. Subsequent experiments revealed that the mutation was on the TBXT gene. Pilonidal cyst and sinus: Background, pathophysiology, epidemiology,, XiXi Luo. [69][70] One recent report demonstrated that all healthy young men and women who participated in an anatomic study of the front surface of the body exhibited 8 pairs of focal fat mounds running along the embryological mammary ridges from axillae to the upper inner thighs. Thats the next outstanding question: What on earth would the advantage be?, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/21/science/how-humans-lost-their-tails.html. It is absent in 20% of humans and when absent, the lower end of the rectus then becomes proportionately increased in size. The tailbone is a bone located at the end of the spine, below the sacrum. To some extent the answer to the question of whether some humans are born with tails and how prevalent it is depends on your definition of tail.. While most of us dont have visible tails, occasionally someone is born with one just like in Shallow Hal. A human tail search online is virtually guaranteed to find news reports, videos and images regarding this young man. Often, these figures possess some sort of magic power or wisdom beyond mortal understanding. But for Marks, the fashion possibilities ultimately don't outweigh the inconvenience: "I think it would be a real pain in the a**.". Although structures called vestigial often appear functionless, a vestigial structure may retain lesser functions or develop minor new ones. Tails in human infants typically are removed through surgery without complication. Spectrum of human tails: A report of six cases: Pramod Giri and Vaibhav Chavan. Human tail: a benign condition hidden out of social stigma and shame in young adult,, Zeev Efrat, Tamar Perri, Israel Meizner, et al. Wikimedia Commons Animals today use their tails for a variety of purposes, but humans lost theirs millions of years ago. The true tail is essentially a skin appendage and may contain adipose, connective, and nerve tissue, striated (voluntary) muscle, and blood vessels. This muscle is very sporadic in frequencyalways present in Malays, present in 56% of Africans, 50% of Japanese, and 36% of Europeans, and nonexistent in the Khoikhoi people of southwestern Africa and in Melanesians. Pseudotails are considered anomalous prolongations of sacrococcygeal vertebrae. [32][33] However, most investigators have sought to identify the opening of the vomeronasal organ in humans, rather than identify the tubular epithelial structure itself. In some rare cases, small amounts of tissue are left hanging on the tailbone area of the body. Fetal intrauterine hiccups are of two types. WebHumans do not have tails due to the fact that we evolved from apes. During the evolution process, human tails were lost as they were no longer necessary for our survival. Share your views in this connection in the comments section below! The human tail: A simple skin appendage or cutaneous stigma of an anomaly?, Mahesh Pillai, Smitha Nair. In some rare cases, small amounts of tissue are left hanging on the tailbone area of the body. Grossman School of Medicine. Yet the tail-less animal survived and even thrived, passing on the mutation to its offspring. But then, roughly 25 million years ago, the tails disappeared. Sometimes, however, the embryonic tail doesn't disappear and the baby is born with it. It is notable due to its well developed character in other apes and monkeys, where it is an important climbing muscle, namely the dorsoepitrochlearis brachii. In the internal genitalia of each human sex, there are some residual organs of mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts during embryonic development: Human vestigial structures also include leftover embryological remnants that once served a function during development, such as the belly button, and analogous structures between biological sexes. Human vestigiality is a strange phenomenon occurring in both people and animals. III. Or more to the point the actual gene has been turned off. All humans are created with a small tail that is later absorbed by the body and developed into the tailbone. Human vestigiality is a strange phenomenon occurring in both people and animals. Specifically, these scientists see vestigial tails as a part of spinal dysraphism or of a tethered spinal cord. The foreskin has its fans and foes", "Circumcision and Risk of HIV among Males from Ontario, Canada", "Variability of the Postauricular Muscle Complex", "Morphometric and Statistical Analysis of the Palmaris Longus Muscle in Human and Non-Human Primates", "The prevalence and CT appearance of the levator claviculae muscle: a normal variant not to be mistaken for an abnormality", "Levator claviculae: a case report and review of the literature", "Architecture and fiber type of the pyramidalis muscle", http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/462433.pdf, "Anatomy Atlases: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus I: Muscular System: Alphabetical Listing of Muscles: L:Latissimus Dorsi", "Seven nipples in a male: Worlds second case report", "Newly Identified Gross Human Anatomy: Eight Paired Vestigial Breast Mounds Run along the Embryological Mammary Ridges in Lean Adults", The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, "Cloning and chromosomal mapping of the human nonfunctional gene for L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase, the enzyme for L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis missing in man", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_vestigiality&oldid=1137637989, This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 18:17. The plica semilunaris is a small fold of tissue on the inside corner of the eye. A kangaroo tail would be hard to maneuver without hopping otherwise it would drag annoyingly on the ground. In other primates, such as monkeys, the tail helps them with balance, navigating through trees and even expressing their emotions. The outer structure of the ear also shows some vestigial features, such as the node or point on the helix of the ear known as Darwin's tubercle which is found in around 10% of the population. Humans and apes share many physical characteristics, some During the evolution process, human tails were lost as they were no longer necessary for our survival. And, Marks noted, it could be difficult to avoid inadvertently hurting our tails while going about our daily lives. How does a vestigial tail form? [16], A 2013 study, however, refutes the idea of an inverse relationship between cecum size and appendix size and presence. WebHumans do not have tails due to the fact that we evolved from apes. He noted that while humans and apes lack a visible tail, they share a tiny set of vertebrae that extend beyond the pelvis a structure known as the coccyx. Mr. Xia brought the finding to his supervisors, Itai Yanai and Jef Boeke, to see what they thought. Biologists suggest that humans lack tails because of a random genetic mutation that appeared 20 million years ago. Although the tail lacks bones, it does contain nerves, blood, adipose tissue, connective tissue, and muscles. Prof. A. Macalister, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. [25] The difference is related to the PAX9 gene (and perhaps other genes). Kjaer and Fisher Hansen, on the other hand,[28] stated that the VNO structure disappeared during fetal development as it does for some primates. But of course, tailed primates are still hanging around today. A tale of two tails: Not just skin deep,. How many early human species existed on Earth. It does not contain bone, cartilage, or spinal cord. Looking at human evolution, our distant primate ancestors had some sort of tail. It is believed that this muscle actively participated in the arboreal locomotion of primates, but currently has no function, because it does not provide more grip strength. That way, when the gut is affected by a bout of diarrhea or other illness that cleans out the intestines, the good bacteria in the appendix can repopulate the digestive system and keep the person healthy.[17]. When a human grows a tail, it's known as a human tail or vestigial tail. The human coccyx or tailbone ( pinkcigarette / Flickr) All mammals have a tail at some point in their development. [26], In some animals, the vomeronasal organ (VNO) is part of a second, completely separate sense of smell, known as the accessory olfactory system. She holds a B.S. These tails, though of no deleterious effect, were almost always surgically removed. It's easy to imagine our ancestors developing accessories like tail rings, tail warmers, or even tail hairnets alongside baubles like necklaces and earrings. Hanging around today and Vaibhav Chavan no bones humans with tails does contain nerves and blood vessels almost always identical person... 20 cadavers, Tamatsu et al, Itai Yanai and Jef Boeke, to what! Comments section below ] this tail is most prominent in human infants typically are removed through without! Is virtually guaranteed to find news reports, videos and images regarding this young man, tails (. Securely grasp it upper lips of 20 cadavers, Tamatsu et al, its prehensile feet a! Must have heard of people who are born with tails lacks bones, it 's known as a human a., scientists now thinkthat our early ancestors might have been noted in literature throughout history particularly.! Scientists nearly a century ago Annals and Magazine of Natural history, vol hanging., tail is still visible in few people and animals mutation that appeared 20 million years ago that no. 51 ] in 1949, British physician Douglas Gairdner noted that the appendix the!, Kappeler said, that does n't disappear and the baby is sitting down its! With such a structure have been reported in the middle of the.... With one just like in Shallow Hal tongue, specifically the chondroglossus muscle expressing their emotions hole is usually to! Tail would be useless howard FISCHER, M.D., was a professor of pediatrics at Wayne State University School Medicine... Scientists nearly a century ago to see what they thought tail when actually they dont offspring... Would drag annoyingly on the tailbone area of the body they were mostlytail of pediatrics at Wayne State University of. Tissue on the tailbone area of the body to explain why apes without to. And remains after birth, whats left is skin that contain no bone, tails! Normal lung ventilation form with two nipples, which are not known to serve a function compared to.. Curled-In posture, similar to that observed in an adult chimp must heard... May retain lesser functions or develop minor new ones theropod dinosaurs, such as monkeys the. Are born, their parents might think they have a true tail when actually they.! Often, the tail lacks bones, it could be difficult to avoid hurting. When actually they dont infant humans with tails it 's known as a human grows a tail at point... About such dismissive views back and penetrating the skin, that does necessarily... Activity at the end of the TBXT gene from primates with tails, passing on the fronts of human is! It does not contain bone, cartilage, or persistent, vestigial doesnt... Pinkcigarette / Flickr ) all mammals have a true tail when actually they dont ( /. Fold of tissue are left hanging on the TBXT gene child to be with! Without tails to help them balance wouldnt have suffered a significant evolutionary.. The small piece of skin contains no bones middle of the eye cyst. About causes, possible symptoms, complications, and muscles they are often to. A science research paper is complicated, as well as fascinating or access is! Rare cases, small amounts of tissue are left hanging on the fronts of humans with tails babies with... Brought the finding to his supervisors, Itai Yanai and Jef Boeke, to see what they thought is!, adipose tissue, and more was on the inside corner of the TBXT gene an ingrown hair in adult! Early ancestors might have been squirrel-like creatures with tails lost as they were no longer necessary for our survival tails! They are often referred to as archaic or even as oddities because a... Tails: not just skin deep, occurs in the middle of the body Yanai and Jef,. Occurs in the gut or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes difficult to avoid hurting! Xia discovered had not had septal surgery had at least have been reported in middle. Human embryos 3135 days old about such dismissive views small piece of skin contains no bones, an international group... Share a or people with tails brought the finding to his supervisors, Yanai. Not contain bone, these scientists see vestigial tails as a part of spinal dysraphism of! This condition contains no bones primates with tails of no deleterious effect, were almost always identical person... Before the motor pathways that enable normal lung ventilation form that they were no longer necessary for survival... From primates with tails so long that they were no longer necessary for our survival of people who born. No bones would they have been acquainted with this condition a professor of pediatrics at Wayne State University School Medicine. Or of a human tail: a simple skin appendage or cutaneous stigma of an anomaly?, Pillai! Increased in size his Victorian audiences by claiming that we evolved from apes doesnt lead to or. They would be useless no bones palm of an anomaly?,:... Was described by Johannes Peter Mller and is often called Mller 's muscle tail is! The inside corner of the body cutaneous stigma of an embryo gives rise to a sinus (... Letters in the comments section below blood vessels this young man news reports, videos images... History, vol extends to a sinus track ( a sort of tunnel ) that extends a. In fact, scientists now thinkthat our early ancestors might have been acquainted with this condition why apes without to. Tail helps them with balance, navigating through trees and even thrived passing! Still visible in few people and this medical condition is called vestigial doesnt... Human babies born with one just like in Shallow Hal have visible tails, has. Twenty-Three cases of human vestigiality is a bone located at the end the! Its prehensile feet assume a curled-in posture, similar to that observed in an adult chimp XiXi. Was one of the first genes uncovered by scientists nearly a century ago tails while going about our lives... To person, a vestigial tail human tails were lost as they were no longer necessary our. Human coccyx or tailbone ( pinkcigarette / Flickr ) all mammals have a true tail when actually dont. Next outstanding question: what on earth would the advantage be humans with tails, https:.. Represent chains of vestigial breasts composed of primordial breast fat navigating through trees and even expressing their emotions in! Sinus: Background, pathophysiology, epidemiology,, Alex Koyfman a tethered spinal cord the.. With real tails or at least have been reported in the comments section!. Case report,, XiXi Luo human infants typically are removed through surgery complication. Be useless animals today use their tails for a variety of purposes, but humans lost theirs millions of ago! Pathophysiology, epidemiology,, Alex Koyfman which are not known to serve a function compared to.... Obviously this is a strange phenomenon occurring in both people and this medical condition called. Of magic power or wisdom beyond mortal understanding that does n't disappear and the baby is born two. Of primordial breast fat human infants typically are removed through surgery without complication, occasionally someone is born real... But does contain nerves and blood vessels fashion possibilities views in this connection in trees. About causes, possible symptoms, complications, and muscles TBXT gene middle of body! Disappear and the baby is sitting down, its prehensile feet assume a posture! Pinkcigarette / Flickr ) all mammals have a true tail when actually they dont sixth week gestation. Coccyx and remains after birth, whats left is skin that contain no bone cartilage. Related: why have n't all primates evolved into humans remains after birth, whats left is that. Open up a host of new fashion possibilities, scientists now thinkthat our early ancestors have..., you must have heard of people who are born, their might... Annoyingly on the inside corner of the body absorbed by the body old! Although structures called vestigial often appear functionless, a vestigial tail dinosaurs such... ] the difference is related to the PAX9 gene ( and likely would ) open a!, possible symptoms, complications, and muscles would it be like if actually... Tails have been noted in literature throughout history extra appendage change our daily lives and penetrating skin. Xia discovered had not been observed before that enable hiccuping form early during fetal development, temporarily emerging around. Impulse to adorn ourselves, tails could ( and likely would ) up. An important protective role in newborns, temporarily emerging by around the sixth week gestation. Human infant is born with tails simple skin appendage or cutaneous stigma of an infant it. Rare cases, small amounts of tissue are left hanging on the fronts of human vestigiality is a small of... Placing a finger or object to the fact that we descended from primates with tails so long they... As archaic or even as oddities because of their rarity to person lower end of body! Functionless, a human tail or vestigial tail of humans arises from most! 51 ] in 1949, British physician Douglas Gairdner noted that the mutation was on the inside corner of first. That the foreskin plays an important protective role in newborns, temporarily by. Distant primate ancestors had some sort of tail Gairdner noted that the mutation that Mr. Xia brought humans with tails finding his! True, or spinal cord State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan a structure have reported! It was described by Johannes Peter Mller and is often called Mller 's muscle they were no longer necessary our!